I ran into this error today when trying to connect to Oracle from within Visual Studio Server Explorer after installing the Oracle Data Access Components, which includes the Oracle Data Providers for .NET. A cursory search of Google yielded no answers, so I was left scratching my head for a few minutes. I’ve connected to Oracle with Visual Studio on my laptop so I knew that this should work. After a bit more investigation, I discovered that there was no entry for the Oracle Data Provider assembly in my machine.config. Usually the provider is registered automatically when installing the Oracle Data Access Components. I’m not sure why it wasn’t added this time.
In order to fix the problem, I first checked that the correct assembly was installed in the GAC (C:\Windows\Assembly).

After verify that it was there, I manually added the following DbProviderFactory entry to the machine.config (C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\<version>\machine.config):
<system.data>
<DbProviderFactories>
<add name="Oracle Data Provider for .NET"
invariant="Oracle.DataAccess.Client"
description="Oracle Data Provider for .NET"
type="Oracle.DataAccess.Client.OracleClientFactory,
Oracle.DataAccess,
Version=2.111.6.20,
Culture=neutral,
PublicKeyToken=89b483f429c47342" />
<!-- Do not remove existing DbProviderFactory entries -->
WARNING: machine.config contains settings that apply to the entire computer. I highly recommend making a backup before applying any changes.
After making the change, I was able to successfully connect to Oracle from Visual Studio Server Explorer again. Problem solved!